Methodology
Consumer devices
Measuring Emissions for Consumer Devices
Overview of Emissions by Device
This graphic, from Malmodin and Lundén, is a useful overview of emissions from production vs use phase. Note that the numbers here are slightly different than the aggregated conclusions we draw below.
Calculating Lifecycle Emissions Per Second of Use
The Lifecycle Annual Footprint (LAF) of a particular device, per Belkhir and Elmeligi, is the Use Phase Energy (UPE) plus the Production Energy (PE) divided by the Useful Life (UL). In other words, “the Lifecycle Annual Footprint accounts for the annual footprint of both the use phase as well as the production energy, depreciating the production energy over the useful lifetime of the device.LAF = (UPE + PE) / UL
Production is done around the world, not where consumer use occurs, whereas we need to calculate the UPE based on the consumer’s grid mix. We calculate Production Energy per Use Second (PEPS) using the daily usage in hours (DU):
PEPS = PE / (365 • UL • DU • 3600)
To calculate the Lifecycle Emissions Per Second of Use (LEPS), we multiply the grid intensity of the consumer’s location (GI) and the usage energy of the consumer device (UEPS) and add this to the production energy per second (PEPS).
LEPS = PEPS + GI • UEPS
The following sections outline the sources and assumptions used to calculate these metrics for various device types.
Personal Computer
From Negaoctet:| Device | Lifetime impact excluding use (kgCO2e) | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Desktop | 277 | Desktop; personal use; average configuration: 1 CPU, 10 GB RAM, 1173 GB HDD, 442 GB SSD, mix of integrated or separated graphic card, 6 years lifespan; RAS |
| Laptop | 175 | Laptop; use mix, personal use; average configuration: 14,6 inches screen, 1 CPU, 11 GB RAM, 497 GB SSD, 5 years lifespan; RAS |
| Monitor | 69 | Computer monitors; use mix, personal and professional use; average dimension (24 inches) and technology (98.6% LCD, 1.4% OLED), 6,6 years lifespan; RAS |
| Device | Installed base (M) | Power Draw (w) | Usage (h/day) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Desktop | 72 | 59 (idle), 85 (active) | 4.6 (idle), 4.8 (active) |
| Laptop | 122 | 11 (idle), 22 (active) | 3.0 (idle), 3.7 (active) |
| Monitor | 101 | 30 | 5.5 |
Tablet
From Negaoctet, a “Tablet; use mix, personal or professional use; average configuration: 10.44 inches screen mix of LCD screen, 4 GB RAM, 121 GB memory, 3 years lifespan; RAS” has 25.3 kgCO2e per year of embodied emissions. We don’t have a stat on daily usage of tablets. Assuming that people use them in lieu of a laptop, taking the laptop number of 6.7 hours a day. This yields a PEPS of 0.00287 gCO2e/s. For energy use, iBatteryLife compares multiple iPad models and battery life is around 10 hours for each. The average iPad, per Sir Apfelot, has around 30 Wh of battery capacity. Thus, a tablet has an average power draw of 3W.Smartphone
From Negaoctet, a “smartphone; use mix, personal use; average configuration: 6,61 inches screen mix of LCD and OLED technologies, 7,3 GB RAM, 180 GB memory, 2,5 years lifespan; RAS” has 33.6 kgCO2e per year of embodied emissions. The typical person uses her phone for 4 hours and 23 minutes a day per Statista. This yields a PEPS of 0.0058 gCO2e/s. (Note: SRI uses a 3 hrs/day number) As an example, per GSM Arena, the Apple iPhone 13 takes 16 hours and 8 minutes to run out of battery when browsing the internet (similar to video playback). In idle mode, it takes 174 hours to discharge. It has 12.41Wh of battery capacity per Macworld. Thus, the iphone consumes 0.77W when active, and 0.071W when idle.Television
From Urban et al:| Device | Installed base (M) | Power Draw (w) | Usage (h/day) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Television | 284 | 74 | 3.9 |
| STB: Non-DVR | 113 | 22 | 11.7 |
| STB: DVR | 54 | 13 | 11.7 |
| STB: Thin Client | 33 | 7 | 11.7 |
| STB: DTA Adapter | 31 | 5 | 24 |
| Sound Bar | 20 | 14 (active) 9 (idle) | 4.4 (active) 5.7 (idle) |
Smart Speaker
From a NRDC report by Horowitz, Hardy, and Tian:| Device | Installed base (M) | Power draw (W) | Usage (h/day) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Google Home Mini | 4 | 1.7 | 3.5 |
| Amazon Echo (2nd gen) | 35 | 2.4 | 3.5 |
| Google Home | 8 | 2.2 | 3.5 |
| Apple HomePod | 3 | 5.9 | 3.5 |
Radio
Since we do not have deterministic data on the devices used to listen to a given radio spot, we define a “synthetic Radio system” representative of the average listener. Similar to the Television device, we calculate the average use and embodied impacts for each type of receiver and combine this with a usage distribution to get a representative number. Below, we detail our assumptions and sources for each component of the calculation.Device lifespan
| Studies / Source | Car Audio (years) | Portable Receiver (years) | Hi-Fi (years) | Alarm Clock Radio & Docking Station (years) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADEME ARCEP - France (2024) | 10 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| ACEA - Europe (2022) | 12.3 | |||
| Bureau of Transportation Statistics - USA (2024) | 14 | |||
| Department for Transport & Ricardo - UK (2024) | 14 | |||
| FordAV - Global (N/A) | 10+ | |||
| WW Assumption | 10 | 5 | 10 | 5 |
Daily Usage
| Studies / Source | Car Audio (hours per day) | Portable Receiver (hours per day) | Hi-Fi (hours per day) | Alarm Clock Radio & Docking Station (hours per day) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADEME ARCEP - France (2024) | 0.75 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| ICT Impact - Europe (2020) | 2 | 2 | 2 | |
| EBU Audio in Cars - Europe (2022) | 0.5 | |||
| Rajar All Radio Listening - UK (2024) | 0.73 (20.5 hours per week, 25% in car) | |||
| Edison Research Share of Ear - USA (2022) | 0.6 (1 hour and 3 min daily audio in car from which 59% is AM/FM) | |||
| WW Assumption | 0.75 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Embodied Emissions
| Studies / Source | Car Audio (kgCO2e) | Portable Receiver (kgCO2e) | Hi-Fi (kgCO2e) | Alarm Clock Radio & Docking Station (kgCO2e) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Derived from ADEME ARCEP LCAs | 3.62E+01 | 1.66E+01 | 3.62E+01 | 1.66E+01 |
| WW Assumption | 3.62E+01 | 1.66E+01 | 3.62E+01 | 1.66E+01 |
Use Emissions
| Energy Consumption and Electricity Source | Car Audio (W) | Portable Receiver (W) | Hi-Fi (W) | Alarm Clock Radio & Docking Station (W) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ADEME ARCEP - France (2024) | 38 (diesel) | 4.8 (grid) | 38 (grid) | 4.8 (grid) |
| Intertek - UK (2013) | 4.69 (grid) | |||
| WW Assumption | 38 (diesel) - conservative | 4.8 (grid) | 38 (grid) | 4.8 (grid) |
- Road diesel (ADEME - France): 2.41 kgCO2e/l
- Diesel - 100% mineral diesel (BEIS/Defra - UK): 2.662 kgCO2e/l
- Diesel oil - Euro iii - heavy duty vehicles - transport (NGER - AU): 2.717 kgCO2e/l
118.75W from a diesel car engine: (38(W) / 0.8 (alternator) / 0.4 (thermal engine)).
- Converted in liters of diesel:
118.75 / 8900 = 0.0133 liter. - Converted in GHG emissions:
0.0133 * 2.7 = 0.036 kgCO2eper hour.
Linear Radio Consumption Distribution by Device
| Market | Car Audio | Portable Receiver | Hi-Fi | Alarm Clock Radio & Docking Station | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR | 43% | 22% | 17.5% | 17.5% | ADEME ARCEP p.111 Sankey Diagram |
| US | dominant (50-60%) | Edison Research - Share of Ear | |||
| UK | 62% | Ofcom Audio Survey 2025 (p93) indicates share of ears by location | |||
| AU | ~40+% | GfK Australian Share of Audio 2022 p.20 | |||
| WW Suggestion | 50% | 25% | 12.5% | 12.5% |
Synthetic Radio Device Profile
| Device | Lifespan (years) | Daily Usage (hours) | Total Hours | Total Embodied Emissions (kgCO2e) | Embodied Emissions per s (gCO2e) | Energy consumption per s (W) | Use Emissions per s (gCO2e) | Distribution |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Car Audio. | 10 | 0.75 | 2700 (103600.75) | 3,62E+01 | 3,72E-03 (3,62E+01 / (2700 * 3600)*1000) | 38 | 0.01 (0.036 kgCO2e per hour) | 50% |
| Portable Receiver | 5 | 2 | 3600 | 1,66E+01 | 1,28E-03 | 4.8 | electricity grid EF | 25% |
| Hi-Fi | 10 | 2 | 7200 | 3,62E+01 | 1,40E-03 | 38 | electricity grid EF | 12.5% |
| Alarm Clock Radio & Docking Station | 5 | 2 | 3600 | 1,66E+01 | 1,28E-03 | 4.8 | electricity grid EF | 12.5% |
| Synthetic Radio Device | 8.125 | 1.375 | 3600 | 2.88E+01 | 0.002514375 | 6.55 (excl. car audio) |
Summary
| Device | Power Draw (W) | PEPS (gCO2e/s) |
|---|---|---|
| Personal computer | 53.2 | 0.007 |
| Tablet | 3 | 0.0029 |
| Smartphone | 0.77 | 0.0058 |
| TV System | 87.4 | 0.0096 |
| Smart Speaker | 2.5 | 0.0061 |
| Radio | 6.55 (excl. in-car) | 0.0025 |
Notes and Caveats
- All of our data is US-centric and probably does not represent typical devices or configurations in less-wealthy countries.